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ASCII Hex Control Keyboard Device Control
Value Value Character Equivalent Effect or Meaning
0 00h NUL Ctrl-@ Null, idle
1 01h SOH Ctrl-A Start of Heading
2 02h STX Ctrl-B Start of Text
3 03h ETX Ctrl-C End of Text
4 04h EOT Ctrl-D End of transmission
5 05h ENQ Ctrl-E Enquiry
6 06h ACK Ctrl-F Acknowledge
7 07h BEL Ctrl-G Beep or Bell
8 08h BS Ctrl-H Backspace
9 09h HT Ctrl-I Horizontal Tab
10 0Ah LF Ctrl-J Linefeed
11 0Bh VT Ctrl-K Vert. Tab, Cursor Home
12 0Ch FF Ctrl-L Form Feed
13 0Dh CR Ctrl-M Carriage Return
14 0Eh SO Ctrl-N Shift Out
15 0Fh SI Ctrl-O Shift In
16 10h DLE Ctrl-P Data Link Escape
17 11h DC1 Ctrl-Q Device Control 1, XON
18 12h DC2 Ctrl-R Device Control 2
19 13h DC3 Ctrl-S Device Control 3, XOFF
20 14h DC4 Ctrl-T Device Control 4
21 15h NAK Ctrl-U Negative Acknowledge
22 16h SYN Ctrl-V Synchronous Idle
23 17h ETB Ctrl-W End Transmission Block
24 18h CAN Ctrl-X Cancel
25 19h EM Ctrl-Y End of Medium
26 1Ah SUB Ctrl-Z Substitute
27 1Bh ESC Ctrl-[ Escape sequence
28 1Ch FS Ctrl-\ Cursor Right
29 1Dh GS Ctrl-] Cursor Left
30 1Eh RS Ctrl-^ Cursor Up
31 1Fh US Ctrl-_ Cursor Down
End of Tableì
á ┌───────────────────┐ Bytes to Terabytes
│ Bytes │
┌──────────┼───────────────────┼───────────────┐
│ Kilobyte │ 1,024 │ Kilobytes │
├──────────┼───────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┐
│ Megabyte │ 1,048,576 │ 1,024 │ Megabytes │
├──────────┼───────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼────────┐
│ Gigabyte │ 1,073,741,824 │ 1,048,576 │ 1,024 │ GBytes │
├──────────┼───────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┼────────┤
│ Terabyte │ 1,099,511,627,776 │ 1,073,741,824 │ 1,048,576 │ 1,024 │
└──────────┴───────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────┴────────┘
One Kilobyte = 2 to the 10th power or 1,024 bytes
One Megabyte = 2 to the 20th power or 1,048,576 bytes
One Gigabyte = 2 to the 30th power or 1,073,741,824 bytes
One Terabyte = 2 to the 40th power or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
Θ CCITT Standards
V.1 - Defines binary 0/1 bits as space/mark line conditions.
V.2 - Limits power levels of modems used on phone lines.
V.4 - Sequence of bits within a character as transmitted.
V.5 - Standard synchronous signaling rates for dial-up lines.
V.6 - Standard synchronous signaling rates for leased lines.
V.7 - List of modem terms, in English, Spanish, French.
V.10 - Unbalanced high-speed electrical interface characteristics.
V.11 - Balanced high-speed electrical characteristics, RS-422.
V.13 - Simulated carrier control; FDX modem used as half duplex.
V.14 - Asynchronous to synchronous conversion.
V.15 - Acoustic couplers.
V.16 - Electrocardiogram transmission on phone lines.
V.17 - Application-specific modulation scheme for Group 3 FAX.
Provides 2-wire half-duplex trellis-coded transmission at
7200, 9600, 12000, and 14400 bps.
V.19 - DTMF modems; low-speed parallel transmission.
V.20 - Parallel data transmission modems.
V.21 - 300 bps modems
Note: The letters "bis" following the V designation indicate the
second version of a particular standard;
"ter" indicates the third.
V.22 - 1200/600 bps FDX modems
V.22bis - 2400 bps modems
V.23 - 1200/75 bps, also supports 600bps in the high channel speed.
Used in Europe to support some videotext applications.
V.24 - Known as RS-232 in the USA. V.24 defines only the functions
of the circuits.
EIA-232-E, which is how the current version of the standard
is designated, also defines electrical characteristics and
connectors. See ISO 2110 for equivalent RS-232 electrical
characteristics and connectors.
V.25 - Automatic answering equipment and parallel automatic
dialing (defines the 2100Hz "answer tone" that modems send)
V.25bis - Serial automatic calling and answering.
CCITT equivalent of Hayes AT command set used in the USA.
V.26 - 2400 bps 4W modems
V.26bis - 2400/1200 bps HDX modems
V.26ter - 2400/1200 bps FDX modems
V.27 - 4800 bps 4W modems
V.27bis - 4800/2400 bps 4W modems
V.27ter - 4800/2400 bps FDX modems. Also used in half-duplex 2-wire
mode to implement the 2400 and 4800 bps transmission
schemes in Group 3 FAX.
V.28 - Electrical characteristics for V.24
V.29 - 9600 bps 4W modems; Also used in half-duplex 2-wire mode
to implement the 7200 and 9600 bps transmission schemes in
Group 3 FAX.
V.31 - Older electrical characteristics, rarely used.
V.31bis - V.31 using opto-couplers
V.32 - 9600/4800 bps FDX modems
V.32bis - 4800, 7200, 9600, 12000, and 14400 bps modems and rapid
rate re-negotiation.
V.33 - 14400 bps (and 12000 bps for 4-wire leased lines)
V.35 - 48 kbps 4W modems. The CCITT no longer recommends the use
of this standard. It was made obsolete by V.36.
V.36 - 48 kbps 4W modems
V.37 - 72 kbps 4W; V.36 and V.37 are not really "4-w modems."
They are group band modems, which means they combine
several telephone channels.
V.40 - Specifies how teletypes indicate parity errors.
V.41 - An older, obsolete error control scheme.
V.42 - Error correcting procedures for modems using asynch-to-synch
conversion (V.22, V.22bis, V.26ter, V.32, V.32bis);
defines LAPM protocol and provides fallback to MNP4.
V.42bis - Lempel-Ziv-based data compression scheme for use with the
V.42 LAPM.
V.50 - Standard limits for transmission quality for modems.
V.51 - Maintenance of international data circuits.
V.52 - Apparatus for measuring distortion and error rates for
data transmission.
V.53 - Impairment limits for data circuits.
V.54 - Loop test devices for modems.
V.55 - Impulse noise measuring equipment.
V.56 - Comparative testing of modems.
V.57 - Comprehensive test set for high speed data transmission
V.100 - Interconnection between PDNs, Public Data Networks and
PSTNs, Public Switched Telephone Networks.
V.110 - Specifies ISDN terminal adaption.
V.120 - ISDN terminal adaption with statistical multiplexing.
V.230 - General data communications interface, layer 1.
End of Table
∞ ┌─────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐
DATA BUS FACTS │ AT Bus, ISA │ MCA │ EISA │
┌────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤
│ Year Introduced │ 1983 │ 1987 │ 1988 │
│ Data lines │ 16 │ 32 │ 32 │
│ Address lines │ 24 │ 32 │ 32 │
│ Clock Rate, Megahertz │ 8 │ 10 │ 8 │
│ │ │ │ │
│ Modes │ 8 & 16 bit │ 16 & 32 bit │ 8,16,32 bit │
│ │ │ │ │
│ DMA Transfer, Mbps │ 1.2 - 1.6 │ 3.0 - 5.0 │ 5.3 - 33 │
│ │ │ │ │
│ DMA cycle time, usec │ 1.25-1.67 │ 0.4 - 0.6 │ 0.12-1.0 │
│ │ │ │ │
│ Bus Master Speed, Mbps │ N/A │ 10,20,40 │ 8,16,32 │
│ │ │ │ │
│ Data Chunk Sizes, bits │ N/A │ 8,16,32 │ 8,16,32 │
└────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘
ö Extended ASCII Character Set (128 through 255 decimal)
Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char
128 80h Ç │ 160 A0h á │ 192 C0h └ │ 224 E0h α
129 81h ü │ 161 A1h í │ 193 C1h ┴ │ 225 E1h ß
130 82h é │ 162 A2h ó │ 194 C2h ┬ │ 226 E2h Γ
131 83h â │ 163 A3h ú │ 195 C3h ├ │ 227 E3h π
132 84h ä │ 164 A4h ñ │ 196 C4h ─ │ 228 E4h Σ
133 85h à │ 165 A5h Ñ │ 197 C5h ┼ │ 229 E5h σ
134 86h å │ 166 A6h ª │ 198 C6h ╞ │ 230 E6h µ
135 87h ç │ 167 A7h º │ 199 C7h ╟ │ 231 E7h τ
136 88h ê │ 168 A8h ¿ │ 200 C8h ╚ │ 232 E8h Φ
137 89h ë │ 169 A9h ⌐ │ 201 C9h ╔ │ 233 E9h Θ
138 8Ah è │ 170 AAh ¬ │ 202 CAh ╩ │ 234 EAh Ω
139 8Bh ï │ 171 ABh ½ │ 203 CBh ╦ │ 235 EBh δ
140 8Ch î │ 172 ACh ¼ │ 204 CCh ╠ │ 236 ECh ∞
141 8Dh ì │ 173 ADh ¡ │ 205 CDh ═ │ 237 EDh φ
142 8Eh Ä │ 174 AEh « │ 206 CEh ╬ │ 238 EEh ε
143 8Fh Å │ 175 AFh » │ 207 CFh ╧ │ 239 EFh ∩
144 90h É │ 176 B0h ░ │ 208 D0h ╨ │ 240 F0h ≡
145 91h æ │ 177 B1h ▒ │ 209 D1h ╤ │ 241 F1h ±
146 92h Æ │ 178 B2h ▓ │ 210 D2h ╥ │ 242 F2h ≥
147 93h ô │ 179 B3h │ │ 211 D3h ╙ │ 243 F3h ≤
148 94h ö │ 180 B4h ┤ │ 212 D4h ╘ │ 244 F4h ⌠
149 95h ò │ 181 B5h ╡ │ 213 D5h ╒ │ 245 F5h ⌡
150 96h û │ 182 B6h ╢ │ 214 D6h ╓ │ 246 F6h ÷
151 97h ù │ 183 B7h ╖ │ 215 D7h ╫ │ 247 F7h ≈
152 98h ÿ │ 184 B8h ╕ │ 216 D8h ╪ │ 248 F8h °
153 99h Ö │ 185 B9h ╣ │ 217 D9h ┘ │ 249 F9h ∙
154 9Ah Ü │ 186 BAh ║ │ 218 DAh ┌ │ 250 FAh ·
155 9Bh ¢ │ 187 BBh ╗ │ 219 DBh █ │ 251 FBh √
156 9Ch £ │ 188 BCh ╝ │ 220 DCh ▄ │ 252 FCh ⁿ
157 9Dh ¥ │ 189 BDh ╜ │ 221 DDh ▌ │ 253 FDh ²
158 9Eh ₧ │ 190 BEh ╛ │ 222 DEh ▐ │ 254 FEh ■
159 9Fh ƒ │ 191 BFh ┐ │ 223 DFh ▀ │ 255 FFh
End of Tableì
î Floppy Disk Specifications
┌──────────┬───────┬────────┬───────────┬────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ Storage │ No. │ No. │ Sectors │ Sector │ Cluster │ MS-DOS │
│ Capacity │ Heads │ Tracks │ per Track │ Size │ Size │ Version │
├──────────┴───────┴────────┴───────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────┤
│ 5.25" Formats, floppies │
├──────────┬───────┬────────┬───────────┬────────┬─────────┬─────────┤
│ 160 K │ 1 │ 40 │ 8 │ 512 │ 512 │ ALL │
│ 180 K │ 1 │ 40 │ 9 │ 512 │ 1024 │ 2.0+ │
│ 320 K │ 2 │ 40 │ 8 │ 512 │ 1024 │ 1.1+ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ 360 K │ 2 │ 40 │ 9 │ 512 │ 1024 │ 2.0+ │
│ 1.2 MB │ 2 │ 80 │ 15 │ 512 │ 512 │ 3.0+ │
├──────────┴───────┴────────┴───────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────┤
│ 3.5" Formats, microdiskettes │
├──────────┬───────┬────────┬───────────┬────────┬─────────┬─────────┤
│ 720 K │ 2 │ 80 │ 9 │ 512 │ 1024 │ 3.2+ │
│ 1.44 MB │ 2 │ 80 │ 18 │ 512 │ 512 │ 3.3+ │
│ 2.88 MB │ 2 │ 80 │ 36 │ 512 │ 512 │ 3.3+ │
└──────────┴───────┴────────┴───────────┴────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
Most common DOS Viruses
Stoned:
The most common virus, it infects the hard disk partition table
and the boot sector of a floppy diskette. It displays a message
on the screen, something about legalizing marijuana.
Jerusalem-B:
Activates on Friday the 13th. The second most common virus. This
particular strain deletes files executed on Friday the 13th and
causes an enormous amount of file growth due to multiple infections.
Disk Killer:
Activates after 48 hours of computer usage time. It is the single
most destructive DOS virus. It XORs the entire hard disk and
irrevocably destroys all data.
Frodo (4096):
Activates on September 22. This destructive memory-resident virus
uses a stealth technique on cross-linked files and may even corrupt
data files. It causes the system to hang-up.
Ping-Pong (Italian-A):
An infector of boot sectors, it activates on a random basis, and
sends a 'ping-pong' white ball bouncing around the screen.
Joshi:
Activates on January 5th. A stealth infector of floppy diskette
boot sectors and hard disk partition tables. On January 5th, it
displays a message asking the user to type "Happy Birthday Joshi".
Michelangelo:
Activates on March 6th, the anniversary of Michelangelo's birth.
This virus is spread by an infected floppy disk when an attempt
is made to boot the computer. On March 6th, if the machine is
infected when it is started, the virus begins formatting the hard
disk. All data on the hard disk is irretrievably destroyed.
Yankee Doodle:
This memory-resident infector plays "Yankee Doodle" at 5:00 PM
and increases the infected program size.
Azusa:
This virus infects hard disk partition tables and floppy diskette
boot sectors. It occasionally disables the LPT1 and COM1 ports.
Dark Avenger:
Infects .COM, .EXE and .SYS files. After every 16th file has been
infected, this virus overwrites a random sector of the hard disk
thereby destroying programs and data files in that sector.
End of Table
╓ The following chart is provided to show a comparison between
a number of popular microcomputer hard disk drive interfaces.
┌─────────────────┬───────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
│ Hard disk │ Bit Rate │ Byte Rate │
│ Interface │ megabits/second │ megabytes/second │
├─────────────────┼───────────────────┼─────────────────────┤
│ ST506 / ST412 │ 5 │ 0.6250 │
│ RLL │ 7.5 │ 0.9375 │
│ IDE │ 7.5 │ 0.9375 │
│ ESDI │ 10 │ 1.25 │
│ SCSI │ 32 │ 4.0 │
│ SCSI-2 │ 80 - 320 │ 10.0 - 40.0 │
└─────────────────┴───────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
RLL - Run Length Limited
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
ESDI - Enhanced Small Disk Interface
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
┌──────────┬────────────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────┐
│ IRQ Line │ Hardware Device │ Interrupt No. │ Systems │
├──────────┼────────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────┤
│ IRQ0 │ System timer │ 08h │ ALL │
│ IRQ1 │ Keyboard │ 09h │ ALL │
│ IRQ2 │ INT line from 8259A │ 0Ah │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ3 │ COM2 Serial Port │ 0Bh │ ALL │
│ IRQ4 │ COM1 Serial Port │ 0Ch │ ALL │
│ IRQ5 │ Fixed Disk Controller │ 0Dh │ PC and XT │
│ IRQ5 │ Reserved │ 0Dh │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ6 │ Floppy Disk Controller │ 0Eh │ ALL │
│ IRQ7 │ LPT1 Parallel Port │ 0Fh │ ALL │
│ IRQ8 │ Real-time Clock │ 70h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ9 │ Redirected to IRQ2 │ 71h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ10 │ Reserved │ 72h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ11 │ Reserved │ 73h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ12 │ Mouse │ 74h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ13 │ Math Coprocessor │ 75h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ14 │ Fixed Disk Controller │ 76h │ AT, PS/2 │
│ IRQ15 │ Reserved │ 77h │ AT, PS/2 │
└──────────┴────────────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────┘
╧ Review of DOS Versions
┌──────────┬──────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ AUG 1981 │ 1.0 │ Introduced with the original IBM-PC. It provided │
│ │ │ support for the 160K single-sided floppy disks, │
│ │ │ no hard drives, runs in 8K of RAM. │
│ │ │ │
│ MAY 1982 │ 1.1 │ 320K diskette drives supported, OEM for MS-DOS 1.25 │
│ │ │ double-sided drive support. │
│ │ │ │
│ MAR 1983 │ 2.0 │ Introduced with the IBM PC-XT, 10 MByte hard disks, │
│ │ │ 360K diskette drives, new commands, enhanced batch │
│ │ │ processing, improved BASIC, and device drivers. │
│ │ │ It runs in 24K of RAM. │
│ │ │ │
│ OCT 1983 │ 2.1 │ Introduced with the IBM PCjr. Bugs in V2.0 fixed. │
│ │ │ A major release, the most significant upgrade. │
│ │ │ MS-DOS 2.11 compatible equivalent to PC-DOS 2.1 │
│ │ │ │
│ AUG 1984 │ 3.0 │ Introduced with the IBM PC-AT, 1.2 MB floppy disks, │
│ │ │ 20 MByte hard disk, added commands, file and record │
│ │ │ locking, RAM disk with VDISK.SYS. │
│ │ │ │
│ NOV 1984 │ 3.1 │ Added network support, bugs in V3.0 fixed. │
│ │ │ │
│ DEC 1985 │ 3.2 │ Addresses 32MB on a single disk, added and enhanced │
│ │ │ commands, 720K 3.5" microdiskettes. │
│ │ │ │
│ APR 1987 │ 3.3 │ Introduced with the IBM PS/2 models, added support │
│ │ │ for 1.44 MByte 3.5" microdiskettes, and multiple │
│ │ │ partitions up to 32MB, runs in 65K RAM. │
│ │ │ │
│ AUG 1988 │ 4.0 │ Released initially by IBM only, support for expanded │
│ │ │ memory, hard disk partitions greater than 32 MByte, │
│ │ │ included graphical SHELL, improved commands. │
│ │ │ │
│ APR 1989 │ 4.01 │ EMS memory support, easier installation, DOS SHELL. │
│ │ │ Neither Version 4.0 or 4.01 were widely accepted. │
│ │ │ │
│ JUN 1991 │ 5.0 │ Released by Microsoft with a host of new features; │
│ │ │ More memory for applications, undelete and unformat │
│ │ │ utilities, revised SHELL with program task switcher, │
│ │ │ improved text editor and BASIC interpreter, and │
│ │ │ Command editing, recall, and on-line help. │
│ │ │ │
│ MAR 1993 │ 6.0 │ MS-DOS 6.0, new features include disk compression to │
│ │ │ double hard disk space, enhanced memory management, │
│ │ │ compressed backup files, anti-virus protection, and │
│ │ │ a new undelete feature. │
│ │ │ │
└──────────┴──────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
End of Table
╚ Cable Types, Ratings, and Distances between Workstations
╔══════════════════╤═════════╤═══════╤═══════════╤════════════╗
║ Cable Type: │ Specify │ Ohms │ Minimum │ Maximum ║
╟──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼───────────┼────────────╢
║ Token ring │ Type 6 │ N/A │ 8.0 ft. │ 150 ft. ║
╟──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼───────────┼────────────╢
║ ARCnet │ RG62 │ 93 │ 3.0 ft. │ 2000 ft. ║
╟──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼───────────┼────────────╢
║ Thin Ethernet │ RG58 │ 50 │ 1.5 ft. │ 607 ft. ║
╟──────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼───────────┼────────────╢
║ Thick Ethernet │ RG11 │ 75 │ 8.0 ft. │ 1640 ft. ║
╚══════════════════╧═════════╧═══════╧═══════════╧════════════╝
Notes: The distances shown above for Thin Ethernet apply
to both coaxial cable and shielded twisted pair.
Fiber optic cable specifications are not included.
Memory access time depends on the microprocessor and its clock rate.
For example, the 8086/8088 processor requires a minimum of 4 clock
cycles to complete a memory access; the 80286, 80386, and 80486
processors require a minimum of 2 clock cycles.
┌────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────┬──────────────────────┐
│ │ CLOCK │ CLOCK │ ZERO-WAIT-STATE │
│ CPU │ RATE (MHz) │ CYCLE (ns) │ MEMORY ACCESS (ns) │
├────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ 8086/8088 │ 4.77 │ 210 │ 840 │
│ 8086/8088 │ 8 │ 125 │ 500 │
│ 80286 │ 6 │ 166.6 │ 333.3 │
│ 80286 │ 8 │ 125 │ 250 │
│ 80286 │ 10 │ 100 │ 200 │
│ 80286 │ 12 │ 83.3 │ 166.6 │
│ 80386SX │ 16 │ 62.5 │ 125 │
│ 80386 │ 20 │ 50 │ 100 │
│ 80386 │ 25 │ 40 │ 80 │
│ 80486 │ 33 │ 30 │ 60 │
└────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────────────┘
, The following chart shows the maximum transmission rates and
packet sizes for the major microcomputer networks. Although
ARCnet is rated at only one-fourth the speed of Ethernet, it
never needs to retransmit data during heavy traffic.
┌───────────────────────┬────────────────────┬──────────────┐
│ Network topology or │ Transmission rate │ Packet size │
│ Architecture │ (Megabits/second) │ (bytes) │
├───────────────────────┼────────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ ARCnet │ 2.5 │ 512 │
│ │ │ │
│ Ethernet │ 10.0 │ 1500 │
│ │ │ │
│ Token Ring (4 MBit) │ 4.0 │ 4000 │
│ │ │ │
│ Token Ring (16 MBit) │ 16.0 │ 16000 │
└───────────────────────┴────────────────────┴──────────────┘
NOTE: One Megabit equals 1,048,576 bits, that's 1024 x 1024.
N Standard ASCII Character Set (0 through 127 decimal)
Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char Dec Hex Char
0 00h NUL │ 32 20h │ 64 40h @ │ 96 60h `
1 01h SOH │ 33 21h ! │ 65 41h A │ 97 61h a
2 02h STX │ 34 22h " │ 66 42h B │ 98 62h b
3 03h ETX │ 35 23h # │ 67 43h C │ 99 63h c
4 04h EOT │ 36 24h $ │ 68 44h D │ 100 64h d
5 05h ENQ │ 37 25h % │ 69 45h E │ 101 65h e
6 06h ACK │ 38 26h & │ 70 46h F │ 102 66h f
7 07h BEL │ 39 27h ' │ 71 47h G │ 103 67h g
8 08h BS │ 40 28h ( │ 72 48h H │ 104 68h h
9 09h HT │ 41 29h ) │ 73 49h I │ 105 69h i
10 0Ah LF │ 42 2Ah * │ 74 4Ah J │ 106 6Ah j
11 0Bh VT │ 43 2Bh + │ 75 4Bh K │ 107 6Bh k
12 0Ch FF │ 44 2Ch , │ 76 4Ch L │ 108 6Ch l
13 0Dh CR │ 45 2Dh - │ 77 4Dh M │ 109 6Dh m
14 0Eh SO │ 46 2Eh . │ 78 4Eh N │ 110 6Eh n
15 0Fh SI │ 47 2Fh / │ 79 4Fh O │ 111 6Fh o
16 10h DLE │ 48 30h 0 │ 80 50h P │ 112 70h p
17 11h DC1 │ 49 31h 1 │ 81 51h Q │ 113 71h q
18 12h DC2 │ 50 32h 2 │ 82 52h R │ 114 72h r
19 13h DC3 │ 51 33h 3 │ 83 53h S │ 115 73h s
20 14h DC4 │ 52 34h 4 │ 84 54h T │ 116 74h t
21 15h NAK │ 53 35h 5 │ 85 55h U │ 117 75h u
22 16h SYN │ 54 36h 6 │ 86 56h V │ 118 76h v
23 17h ETB │ 55 37h 7 │ 87 57h W │ 119 77h w
24 18h CAN │ 56 38h 8 │ 88 58h X │ 120 78h x
25 19h EM │ 57 39h 9 │ 89 59h Y │ 121 79h y
26 1Ah SUB │ 58 3Ah : │ 90 5Ah Z │ 122 7Ah z
27 1Bh ESC │ 59 3Bh ; │ 91 5Bh [ │ 123 7Bh {
28 1Ch FS │ 60 3Ch < │ 92 5Ch \ │ 124 7Ch |
29 1Dh GS │ 61 3Dh = │ 93 5Dh ] │ 125 7Dh }
30 1Eh RS │ 62 3Eh > │ 94 5Eh ^ │ 126 7Eh ~
31 1Fh US │ 63 3Fh ? │ 95 5Fh _ │ 127 7Fh
End of Table
σ Video Display Standards
┌────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┬──────┬────────────┐
│ STANDARD │ DESCRIPTION │ YEAR │ RESOLUTION │
├────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┼──────┼────────────┤
│ MDA │ Monochrome Display Adapter │ 1981 │ 720 x 350 │
│ CGA │ Color Graphics Adapter (high-res)│ 1981 │ 640 x 200 │
│ HGC │ Hercules Graphics Card │ 1982 │ 720 x 348 │
│ EGA │ Enhanced Graphics Adapter │ 1984 │ 640 x 350 │
│ PGA │ Professional Graphics Adapter │ 1984 │ 640 x 480 │
│ MCGA │ Multi-Color Graphics Array │ 1987 │ 640 x 480 │
│ VGA │ Video Graphics Array │ 1987 │ 640 x 480 │
│ 8514/A │ IBM's Interlaced Adapter │ 1987 │ 1024 x 768 │
│ │ │ │ │
│ SuperVGA │ Extended VGA or VGA Plus │ 1988 │ 800 x 600 │
│ │ See the definition of VESA │ │ 1024 x 768 │
│ │ │ │ │
│ XGA │ EXtended Graphics Adapter │ 1990 │ 1024 x 768 │
└────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┴──────┴────────────┘
DOS Filename extensions
In DOS, filenames are from 1 to 8 characters long and can be
followed by an optional short name called an extension.
An extension starts with a period, has 1, 2, or 3 characters,
and follows immediately after the filename.
The following are examples of extensions used to identify the
type of data or the format of data to be found in the file.
.ARC An archived file, compressed, squashed, etc.
.ART First Publishers graphics file
.ASM Assembly language source file, program code
.BAK A back-up file, often temporary
.BAS BASIC language source file, program code
.BAT A DOS batch file, a series of commands executed by DOS
.BIN Binary file
.BMP MicroSoft Windows Bit Map file format
.BNK AdLib instrument bank file for sound card set-up
.C A C-language source file, program code
.CDR Corel Draw graphics file
.CFG File containing program configuration information
.CGM Computer Graphics Metafile, vector format
.CMF Sound Blaster synthesized music file, similar to .ROL files
.COM program file, less than 64 Kbytes in size.
.DAT A data file, provides a program with input and output data
.DBF A database file created with dBase or a compatible program
.DBT A database companion file containing memo fields
.DBV Variable Length Field file, with FlexFile
.DCA Document Content Architecture, used on IBM mainframes
.DHP Dr.Halo PIC format
.DIF Data Interchange Format, in ASCII for sharing spreadsheets
.DOC Document file created by some word processors
.DRV Driver, a file that defines hardware specifics
.DRW Graphics file, object oriented or vector format
.DWG drafix drawing file
.DXF Data Exchange File, AutoCad's file transfer format
.EPS Encapsulated PostScript file,
.EXE Executable program, loaded to a specific memory location.
.FNT Graphics font file
.FON IBM graphics font file
.FOR Source code for a FORTRAN program
.FOX A FoxBASE compiled file
.GDI GEM Metafile
.GIF A Graphics Interchange Format file, by CompuServe
.HLP A help file containing useful information
.HPG Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language
.IDX An index for a FoxBASE database file
.IMG GEM Image, Paint format file
.INI An initialization file, for Windows
.LZH Compressed file by LHARC.EXE, by Harusyasu Yoshizaki
.LIB Library files, as used by a compiler or assembler
.LOG A text file for storing a log of information
.MAC A file containing macro commands, or Macintosh formats
.MAP A map of program linkages created by linker programs
.MNU A menu file containing info for a screen menu
.MSP Microsoft Windows paint format, bit-mapped
.NDX An index for a dBase database file
.NFO Folio Infobase
.NG Norton Guides database file
.NTX An index for a Clipper database file
.OBJ Object code file, to output file of a compiler
.OVL Overlay file to be swapped in and out of memory as needed
.PAS Source code for a PASCAL program
.PCX PC Paintbrush, graphics format, bit-mapped
.PGL HPGL or Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language, vector format
.PIC LOTUS 1-2-3 graphic file, object oriented
.PIF Program Information File
.PRG A source program, for dBase, FoxBASE, Clipper and others
.PRS Printer definition file, WordPerfect
.PRT File formatted for output to a printer
.RFT Rich Text Format, defined by Microsoft for file transfer
.ROL AdLib-compatible synthesized music file
.SAV A back-up file, a copy of another file, often temporary
.SCR Screen file or a script file
.SYS A system file, often a device driver
.TIF Tagged Image Format, scanned graphics
.TMP A temporary work file
.TXT Often an ASCII text file created with a text editor
.VOC Voice file containing digitized sound
.WK1 LOTUS 1-2-3 Worksheet, Ver 2.0
.WKE LOTUS 1-2-3 Worksheet, Educational
.WKQ QUATTRO Worksheet
.WKS LOTUS 1-2-3 Worksheet, Ver 1A
.WMF Microsoft Windows Metafile, vector format (max 64K)
.WPG WordPerfect Graphics File
.WRI Windows Write, text format
.WRK Symphony spreadsheet file
.WPM WordPerfect Macro definition file
.XLM Microsoft Excel Macro definition file
.XLS Microsoft Excel spreadsheet file
.ZIP An archived file, in compressed format, by PKware, Inc.
.ZOO An archived file, in compressed format, by Rahul Dhesi
End of Table
╝ Registered Trademarks
Disston Ridge, Inc. makes a sincere effort to supply correct
trademark and copyright information about company names, products,
and services mentioned in the PC-GLOSSARY, however we cannot
attest to its complete accuracy. If you know of a correction, or
an omission, drop us a postcard.
Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
ARCnet is a trademark of Datapoint Corp.
AutoCAD is a trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
CheckFree is a registered trademark of CheckFree Corp.
Clipper is a registered trademark of Nantucket Corp.
Compaq is a registered trademark of Compaq Computer Corp.
CompuServe Information Service is a trademark of CompuServe, Inc.
Concurrent DOS-386 is a trademark, and CP/M is a registered
trademark of Digital Research, Inc.
drafix is a trademark of Foresight Resources Corp.
dBASE is a registered trademark of Borland International.
DESQview/386 and QEMM are registered trademarks of Quarterdeck.
Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corp.
FastCAD is a trademark of Evolution Computing.
FlexFile is a trademark of Ganahl Software.
Folio is a registered trademark of Folio Corp.
Hercules is a trademark of Hercules Computer Technology.
Hardcard is a trademark of Plus Development Corporation.
In*A*Vision is a trademark of Micrografx, Inc.
IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT, OS/2, PS/2 are trademarks, and IBM is a
registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
InfoCalc is a trademark of Honeywell, Inc.
Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corp.
Kermit is a trademark of Henson Associates, Inc., creators of
The Muppet Show.
Lotus, 1-2-3, and Symphony are trademarks of Lotus Development Corp.
ManyLink is a trademark of NetLine, Inc.
Micro Channel is a trademark of IBM Corp.
MS-DOS, XENIX, Multiplan, and Microsoft are registered trademarks
of Microsoft Corp.
MultiMate is a registered trademark of Multimate International.
NetWare and Novell are registered trademarks of Novell, Inc.
PC-GLOSSARY is a trademark of Disston Ridge, Inc.
PKZIP and PKUNZIP are registered trademarks of PKware, Inc.
PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems Inc.
Prodigy is a registered service mark & trademark of Prodigy Services Co.
Quattro and Sprint are registered trademarks of Borland International.
Safelink is a trademark of Western Union.
Tandy is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation
Telenet is a trademark of General Telephone Company.
TYMNET is a trademark of McDonnell-Douglas Corp. and TYMNET, Inc.
UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Western Digital is a trademark of Western Digital Corp.
WordPerfect and PlanPerfect are trademarks of WordPerfect Corp.
WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International.
General Notice: Other product names used with the PC-GLOSSARY
are for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of
their respective companies.
║ This program is produced by a member of the Association of
Shareware Professionals (ASP). ASP wants to make sure that
the shareware principle works for you. If you are unable
to resolve a shareware-related problem with an ASP member
by contacting the member directly, ASP may be able to help.
┌─────────┐
┌─────┴───┐ │ (R)
──│ │o │──────────────────
│ ┌─────┴╨──┐ │ Association of
│ │ │─┘ Shareware
└───│ o │ Professionals
──────│ ║ │────────────────────
└────╨────┘ MEMBER
The ASP Ombudsman can help you resolve a dispute or problem
with an ASP member, but does not provide technical support
for members' products. Please write to the ASP Ombudsman
545 Grover Road, Muskegon, MI 49442, or send a CompuServe
message via EasyPlex to: ASP Ombudsman 70007,3536.
┼
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Birnes, William J., ed., Microcomputer Applications Handbook,
New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1990.
Chorafas, Dimitris N., ed., Local Area Network Reference,
New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1989.
Computer Dictionary, 2nd ed., Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1994.
Covington, Michael and Downing, Douglas, eds., Dictionary of
Computer Terms, 2nd ed. New York: Barron's, 1989.
Darcy, Laura, ed., Dictionary of Computer Terms, 3rd ed.,
New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1988.
Derfler, Frank J., ed., Guide to Connectivity, Emeryville, CA:
Ziff-Davis Press, Inc., 1991.
Dictionary of Microcomputer Terms, Dallas: Master Publishing,
Inc., 1984.
Freedman, Alan, ed., The Computer Glossary, 4th ed., New York:
AMACOM - American Management Assoc., 1989.
Helms, Harry L., ed., The McGraw-Hill Computer Handbook,
New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1983.
Hordeski, Michael F., ed., The Illustrated Dictionary of
Microcomputers, 3rd ed., Blue Ridge Summit, PA: McGraw-Hill,
Inc., 1990.
Juliussen, Egil and Juliussen, Karen, eds., The Computer Industry
Almanac, New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1989.
McDaniel, George R. and Wood, John, eds., Dictionary of Computing,
8th ed., Poughkeepsie, NY: IBM Corp., 1987.
Nader, Jonar C., ed., Illustrated Dictionary of Computing,
New York: Prentice Hall, 1992.
NetWare Concepts, Provo, UT: Novell Inc., 1991.
Newton, Harry, ed., Newton's Telecom Dictionary, 4th ed.,New York:
Telecom Library, Inc., 1991.
Norton, Peter, ed., Inside the IBM PC, New York: Prentice Hall,
1986.
Pfaffenberger, Bryan, ed., Que's Computer User's Dictionary,
Carmel, IN: Que Corporation, 1990.
Ralston, Anthony and Reilly, Edwin D., eds. Encyclopedia of
Computer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., 1983.
Rosenberg, Jerry M., ed., Dictionary of Computers, Data Processing,
and Telecommunications, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1984.
Schnaidt, Patricia, ed., LAN Tutorial, San Francisco: Miller
Freeman Publications, Inc., 1990.
Smith, Raoul, ed., The Facts on File Dictionary of Artificial
Intelligence, New York: Facts On File, 1989.
Sochats, Ken and Williams, Jim, eds. The Networking and
Communications Desk Reference, Carmel, IN: SAMS, 1992.
Thro, Ellen, ed., The Artificial Intelligence Dictionary,
San Marcos, CA: Microtrend Books, 1991.
Thro, Ellen, ed., The Database Dictionary, San Marcos, CA:
Microtrend Books, 1990.
Turner, Rufus P. and Gibilisco, Stan, eds., The Illustrated
Dictionary of Electronics, 4th ed, Blue Ridge Summit, PA:
Tab Books, 1988.
Understanding Computers, by the editors of Time-Life Books,
New York: The Time Inc. Book Co., 1990.
End of Table
û ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
┌──┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
┌──┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Here's the deal. If you are the first person to │ │ │
│ send a written report of a spelling error or an │ │ │
│ incorrect definition, we will send a complimentary │ │ │
│ copy of the latest edition. │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ We also offer a free evaluation copy of the latest │ │ │
│ PC-GLOSSARY to any high school or college teacher. │ │ │
│ Send us your written request on school letterhead. │ ├─┘
│ ├─┘
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
c ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
┌──┴────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
┌──┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Special thanks to the following individuals for │ │ │
│ their encouragement and criticism along the way: │ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ Dale Elrod, Kendall Industries, President │ │ │
│ Bill Quinn, Pinellas IBM-PC Users Group │ │ │
│ Keely Smith, Editor and reviewer │ │ │
│ Mary Barnich, Valued customer and critic │ │ │
│ Pamela Ramadei, Marketing consultant │ │ │
│ Rebecca Forman, Librarian, Research │ │ │
│ Steve Wolfe, Programming consultant │ │ │
│ Scott Barrett, Lead technician, hardware │ ├─┘
│ ├─┘
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Thanks a lot !
New editions of the PC-GLOSSARY are published
at the beginning of each calendar quarter.
Consider purchasing an Annual Subscription.
┌────────────────────────┬────────────┐
┌──┴─────────────────────┬──┴──────────┐ │
┌─┴─────────────────────┬──┴───────────┐ ├─┤
│ Release Dates │ Version ├─┤ │
├───────────────────────┼──────────────┤ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ 1 October 1993 │ 5.4 │ │ │
│ 1 January 1994 │ 6.1 │ │ │
│ 1 April 1994 │ 6.2 │ │ │
│ 1 July 1994 │ 6.3 │ │ │
│ 1 October 1994 │ 6.4 │ │ │
│ 1 January 1995 │ 7.1 │ ├─┘
│ │ ├─┘
└───────────────────────┴──────────────┘
Z Subscription Rates:
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Registered customers are entitled to upgrade their existing license
at 50% off the above prices, within one year of purchase date.
▓ ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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┌──┴───────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ │
│ This PC-GLOSSARY Program is dedicated to │ │ │
│ the author's parents and to all students │ │ │
│ young and old who have a quest for knowledge │ │ │
│ and a desire to keep abreast of the │ │ │
│ ever-changing terminology in the │ │ │
│ world of microcomputers. │ ├─┘
│ ├─┘
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Θ The PC-GLOSSARY program for DOS is a product of:
Disston Ridge, Inc., Software and Consulting
4915 22nd Avenue North
St.Petersburg, Florida 33710-3502
(813) 323-0961
New improved versions of the program with updated definitions are
published at the beginning of each calendar quarter.
To print a copy of the Order Form, escape from the glossary,
place your printer on-line, and print the file called GLOSSARY.NEW.
Enter this command: COPY GLOSSARY.NEW PRN
Fill-out the form and send it in today for the latest edition or
call the Order Line at 800-277-0799 to place your credit card order.
In 1995, PC-GLOSSARY will be available for Windows.
e At the Top Level,
Use the Up and Down Arrow keys or the PgUp, PgDn keys to select an entry.
The Home and End keys highlight the first and last entry.
The Alpha keys highlight the first entry beginning with that letter.
Hit ENTER to expand on the definition. Hit F7 to print the definition.
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
At the Definition Level,
Use the Right and Left Arrow keys to select a Cross Reference Entry,
then hit ENTER to expand on the definition.
V √ In the Sept/Oct 1992 issue of GEnie LiveWire on page 22,
Holly Jahangiri listed Version 4.2 of the PC-GLOSSARY a
must-have desktop reference program.
√ In his review on Prodigy, Larry Magid commented that the
definitions in the PC-GLOSSARY were suprisingly well-written.
√ In the October 1991 issue of CompuServe magazine, page 10,
Mr. David Peyton listed Version 3.2 of the PC-GLOSSARY as the
"Current Hit" in the IMBAPP Forum Library.
√ Mr. Paul Schoenberger commented in his review article that
the program's intuitive interface allows the user to quickly
obtain information without wasting time learning how to run
the program.
√ The Public (software) Library of Houston, Texas designated
Version 2.2 of the PC-GLOSSARY as the best new educational
shareware program of 1990.
