Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) comp.sys.m68k This list is maintained by: Robert Boys Ontario, CANADA Email: r.boys@genie.geis.com or fboys@uoguelph.ca July 8, 1994 this is the 5th preliminary list =========================================================================== =========================================================================== = = = THIS IS A PRELIMINARY LIST - Please send all corrections to R. Boys = = = =========================================================================== =========================================================================== The information contained in this FAQ is believed to be correct and up to date. Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy. The maintainer cannot be responsible for errors and omissions. This FAQ is archived on bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola/general and on ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq as m68kfaq?.zip. (? is version) Some files mentioned in this FAQ may have a suffix of .zip, .arc or .gz depending on the preferences of the archive site administrator. CONTENTS: 1) Motorola 16/32 Bit Product Line A) MC680x0 B) MC68EC0x0 C) MC68300 series D) Peripheral Chips E) 8 and 16 bit Processors F) Speed Comparisons 2) Software Sources A) Free Software Available B) Commercial Software Available C) Motorola BBS and AESOP D) ftp Sites 3) Hardware (board level) Sources A) Integrated Development Platform (IDP), MEVB, BCC, et al B) VME modules C) Indiana State University 68030 single board project D) Consumer computers and Workstations 4) Construction Information 5) General Specifications A) Integrated Circuit Package Information B) Pin-outs C) S-Records D) CPU Clocks and Double-Clocking 6) Literature A) "Specs in Secs" B) "UPDATE" C) "The 68K Connection" D) Master Selection Guide E) Motorola Addresses F) Literature Distribution Centres G) Training and Instructional Books //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 1) Motorola 16/32 Bit Product Line: ===================================== Motorola introduced its first microprocessor in 1974: the 8 bit MC6800 with an extensive line of support peripherals soon available. The MC68000 was introduced in 1979 and was soon followed by a host of 16 bit peripheral chips. The 6800 and 68000 families soon became very popular due to their straightforward architecture and simple and easy to use bus connections. The first member of the 68K family - the MC68000, is not software compatible with the 8 bit 6800 series which includes the 68HC11 series. The 68K family itself is upwards software compatible. The two Motorola divisions of interest here are the High Performance MPU and the Advanced Micro-Controller Unit (AMCU). The High Performance Group deals with the MC680x0 series, 68306, 68307, 68332, 68340, 68341 and 68349. The rest (including 680x, 68HC11, 68HC16) are from the AMCU division except the 68306 which is from the Communications Division. This FAQ divides the 68K family into three sections - MC680x0, MC68EC0x0 and the MC68300 series. A short section on 8/16 bit processors follows. The Motorola integrated circuit product line (almost all of it) has the prefix of "MC" as in MC68040. 68040 and '040 are short forms of this. A prefix of "XC" indicates a part not yet fully qualified. A prefix of "SC" designates a part specially made for a customer. The terms M68K or 68K represent the 68000 processor line in general as in comp.sys.m68k. ( K = 10^3 or ,000 in scientific circles) A "*" as in DTACK* signifies the signal is active or true in the low state if level sensitive or on the presence of a negative edge if edge triggered. A byte is 8 bits, a word 16 bits and a long word is 32 bits. The prefix "$" signifies a hexadecimal number in Motorola terminology. Motorola was originally the Galvin Mfg. Co in the early thirties. The name "Motorola" came from the fact that Motorola was once a major player in automobile radios hence the "motor". Autos were called "motor cars" ("motors" by those who were "hip") in the 1930s. Still looking for "ola". A) MC680x0 ------------ The original MC68000 has the following general features: * eight 32 bit general purpose data registers (D0-D7). * eight 32 bit general purpose address registers (A0-A7). (A7 is the stack pointer) * 32 bit Program Counter. * 16 bit external data bus - needs 16 bit ROM and RAM for system. Can access 8 or 16 bit memory and peripheral devices. * 16 Mbyte linear addressing range (23 bit plus Upper* and Lower* data strobes for an effective 24 bit range), 32 bit with 68020. * 56 Instruction types - over 1000 useful permutations are possible. * memory mapped I/O. (peripheral registers addressed as memory). * 14 addressing modes on a contiguous address space (no segments). * 5 main data types. (bit, byte, BCD, word and long word). * Supervisor and User states. (stack pointer A7 points to User (USP) or Supervisor SP (SSP) by a bit in the status registor.) * Exception processing and 7 levels of interrupts. * Asynchronous bus structure. Uses DTACK* from the peripheral chip. * non-multiplexed address and data buses - interfaces with LS-TTL. * Bus Arbitration and an internal TRACE facility for debugging. * 5 volt NMOS dynamic construction. (68HC000 is the CMOS version) Exception processing results from interrupts, TRAP instructions, a bus or address error or a reset. The Exception Vector table is normally made of 255 32 bit vectors using 1024 k of memory starting at location 0. The CPU loads the appropriate vector (containing the 32 bit address of the routine to service the exception) from this table at the occurance of a exception. This table is usually constructed in RAM by the operating system during the initialization period. There are 192 user interrupt vectors reserved. The initial SSP and initial PC (for RESET) occupy memory location $0 and $4 which usually maps out to ROM. The only way the CPU can switch from the USER mode to the Supervisor mode is via exception procesing. The 68HC0008 is a MC68000 with a 8 bit data bus in a 48 pin DIP or a 52 pin PLCC. The RAM, ROM and peripheral chips must have 8 bit data paths. The DIP package address bus is 20 bits (1 mbyte) and the PLCC device has 22 bits (4 mbytes). A0 is present on both these parts. The 68008 is listed as "not recommended for new designs". Other devices such as the 68HC001, MC68EC000 have a switchable (at reset) 8 or 16 bit data bus. The 68010 is a 68000 with the addition of virtual machine and virtual memory capabilities and a "loop mode" which acts like a 3 word instruction cache. This processor is listed as not for new designs. A 68010 will plug into a 68000 socket and work. Three new registors are added. The Vector Base Register (VBR) determines where in memory the vector table is located which allows for multiple tables to implement the virtual machine and memory functions. The Alternate Function Code Registers (SFC and DFC) allow the Supervisor mode to access user data space or emulate CPU space cycles. The instruction set is essentially the same for the 68000/08/10. The 68010 supports modular programming. The MC68020 incorporates 32 bit address and data paths and Dynamic Bus Sizing to "size" peripherals and memory on a cycle-by-cycle basis to 8, 16 and 32 bit lengths using signals supplied by external hardware to the SIZ0- 1 pins. The 68020 is software compatible to earlier 68K members. A co- processor interface is provided in the instruction set. All virtual features of the 68010 are preserved. The multiply and divide instructions use 32 bit operands and branch displacements can be 32 bits. Over 20 new instructions have been added. A 256 byte instruction cache has been added along with two cache registers (CACR, CAAR). A Master stack pointer (32 bits) hs been added to facilitate multi-tasking operating systems. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Feature | 68000 | 'HC001 | 68010 | 68020 | 68030 | 68040 | 68060 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data bus | 16 8 or 16 16 8/16/32 8/16/32 32 32 | | Addr bus | 23 23 23 32 32 32 32 | | Virtual memory | - - Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes | | Instruct Cache | - - 3 256 256 4096 8192 | | Data Cache | - - - - 256 4096 8192 | | Memory manager | +++(68451 or 68851)+++ 68851 Yes Yes Yes | | FPU interface | - - - 68881 or 68882 Internal FPU | | built-in FPU | - - - - - Yes Yes | | Burst Memory | - - - - Yes Yes Yes | | Bus Cycle type | ++++++++++asynchronous+++++++++ both synchronous | | Data Bus Sizing| - - - Yes Yes use 68150 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES: i) 68010, 68008, 68451 are apparently no longer available from Motorola. ii) FPU (floating point arithmetic unit) has eight 80 bit registers. iii) MC68008 is a MC68000 with a 8 bit external data path and A0 pin. iv) MC68882 is an enhanced version of the MC68881. Check the appropriate data sheets for more information and interchangeability v) The MC68000/10 external address bus consists of pins A1 to A23. A0 is an internal signal. Using this scheme, the processor accesses memory in steps of 16 bits for a maximum total of 8 mwords or 16 mbytes of memory. The external outputs UPPER* and LOWER* data strobes can be used to effect byte transfers. See the 68000 data sheet for more detail. Other 68k series members have a A0 pin. All internal address registers are 32 bit. vi) MC68060 has a 256 byte entry branch cache. It is also a 3.3 volt part. vii) MC68040V and MC68EC040V are 3.3 volt parts, the rest are 5 volts. viii)MC68HC000 is low power version of the 68000 using HCMOS technology. ix) MC68HC001 is a HC68000 with either a (at reset) 8 or 16 bit data bus. x) The MC68040V, 68LC040, 68EC40 or 68EC040V do not have a FPU. B) MC68EC0x0 -------------- This family is essentially a subset of the MC680x0 product line. It is designed for low cost embedded controller applications. The major differences between the two are listed below. Check the appropriate data sheet for more detailed information. 1) MC68EC000 is a MC68000 with selectable 8 or 16 bit data bus and A0. ii) MC68EC020 is a MC68020 with a 24 bit address bus rather than 32 bits. iii) MC68EC030 is a MC68030 without a paged memory manager. iv) MC68LC040 is a MC68040 without a built-in FPU. v) MC68EC040 is a MC68040 without a memory manager or built-in FPU. C) MC68300 series ------------------- This series incorporates various peripherals into various 68K core processors. They may be called "integrated processors". The core processors are the 68EC000 and CPU32. The CPU32 is derived from the 68020 processor. The CPU32 has a 16 bit data bus and the extended version (CPU32+) incorporates a full 32 bit data bus. The CPU32 and CPU32+ have a built-in background debugging mode (BDM) in the internal microcode. EC000 CPU CORES: --------------------------------------------------------------------- | Feature | 68302 | 68306 | 68307 | 68322 | - | - | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | Core CPU | EC000 EC000 EC000 EC000 - - | | TPU (timer) | - - - - - - | | DUART (68681) | - Yes Yes see - - | | DRAM controller| - Yes - below - - | | Static Ram | 576 - - for - - | | Flash EEPROM | - - - more - - | | A/D Converter | - - - info - - | | Serial Ports | 3 Duplex - - - - - | | DMA | Yes - ? - - - | | Timer | 3 - 2 - - - | | Parallel Ports | 2 2 bit - - - | | Chip Selects X | 4 8 4 - - - | | PGA package ? | Yes - ? - - - | --------------------------------------------------------------------- NEW PART - MC68322: Uses a EC000 core with a RISC graphics processor (RGP), a print engine video controller (PVC) and other features. This part is designed for non-impact printers and the fax/modem/printer market. CPU32 CPU CORES: --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Feature | 68330 | 68331 | 68332 | 68F333 | 68334 | 68340 | 68341 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Core CPU | CPU32 CPU32 CPU32 CPU32 | CPU32 CPU32 CPU32 | | TPU (timer) | - - Yes Yes | Yes - - | | DUART (68681) | - - - - | - Yes - | | DRAM controller| - - - - | - - - | | Static Ram | - Yes 2K 4K | 1K - - | | Flash EEPROM | - Yes - 64K | - - - | | A/D Converter | - - - Yes | Yes - - | | Serial Ports | 2 2 2 2 | - - 2 | | DMA | - Yes - Yes | - 2 CH Yes | | Timer | 2 2 - 1 | - 2 Yes | | Parallel Ports | 2 - - 18 bits| ? 2 2 | | Chip Selects X | 4 12 12 9 | ? 4 8 | | PGA package ? | - - - - | ? Yes - | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CPU32+ CPU CORE: (32 bit address bus) and 68HC16. --------------------------------------------------------------------- | Feature | 68349 | 68360 | - | HC16Y1| HC16Z1| HC16Z2 | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | Core CPU | CPU32+ CPU32+ - CPU16 CPU16 CPU16 | | TPU (timer) | Yes - - Yes - - | | DUART (68681) | - Yes - - - - | | DRAM controller| - - - - - - | | Static Ram | 1K - - 2k 1k 2k | | Flash EEPROM | - - - 48k rom - 8k rom | | A/D converter | Yes - - 10 bit 10 bit 10 bit | | Serial Ports | - - - 2 1 1 | | DMA | - 2 ch - - - - | | Timer | - 2 - GPT GPT GPT | | Parallel Ports | ? 2 - Yes Yes Yes | | Chip Selects X | ? 4 - 9 12 12 | | PGA package ? | ? Yes - - - - | --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES: i) Availability of features are not necessarily mutually exclusive. ii) The MC68330 is the lowest cost member of the 68300 family. iii) CPU32 has a 16 bit external data bus. CPU32+ has a 32 bit data bus. iv) Chip Selects X - programmable CS pins to select external peripherals. v) MC68341 has a RTC. (real time clock) vi) ? - I do not have the data sheet for this device. vii) PGA avail - Pin Grid Array. Easier to use as surface mount devices are difficult to solder. (but not impossible) viii) These devices are very complicated. It is impossible to outline all the possible features. Refer to the appropriate data sheet. ix) The MC68360 has an optional Ethernet capability. (MC68EN360) x) Some devices have built-in background debuggers. See data sheets. xi) MC68307 has a 8051 8 bit data bus, 8 external interrupts and IIC port x) The MC68F333 may not be available due to production problems. xi) The 68340V and 68330V are 3.3 volt parts. xi) GPT = General Purpose Timer. See the appropriate data sheets. xii) The 68HC16 series is not software compatible with the 68k series. D) Peripheral Chips --------------------- There is a large offering of peripheral chips available from various manufacturers. The MC68230 PIT (parallel interface/Timer) and the MC68901 MFP (Multi-Function Peripheral) are common and very useful. 68K peripheral devices have a DTACK* output that signals acknowledgement of the bus cycle to the CPU (asynchronous bus). Devices from other families can be used with some ingenuity in the interface. The multiplexed bus on other competitive products and the lack of the DTACK* acknowledgement signal are two issues. Generation of the DTACK* signal in these situations is simple. 68K DEVICE DESCRIPTION note: prefix MC on all these numbers 68150 Dynamic Bus Sizer (for 040, LC040 AND EC040 ) 68160 EEST (Ethernet driver) - glueles logic to MC68360. 68184 Broadband Interface Controller (BIC) IEEE 802.4 68185 Twisted Pair Modem -use with 68824 for low cost LAN 68194 Carrierband Modem - IEEE 802.4 Physical Layer 1 68195 Local Talk Adapter -MC68332 to LocalTalk networks 68230 Parallel Interface/Timer - two 8 bit ports, 24 bit timer 68338 Mac-Media Access Controller - FDDI, see BR1104/D for family 68339 FSI-FDDI System Interface (Fibre Distributed Data Interface) 68440 Dual Channel DMA - 32 bit addressing R & FN packages 68450 DMA Controller (DMAC) - 4 channel 68451 Memory Management Unit (MMU) [obsolete] 68605 X.25 Protocol Controller - two 22 byte FIFOs, DMA, HDLC 68606 X.25 Multi-Link LAPD Protocol Controller - in ISDN 68681 Dual Universal Asynchronous Receiver/transmitter (DUART) 68824 Token Bus Controller (TBC) - GM MAP Level 2 68836 FCG-FDDI Clock Generator - lower part of PHY of FDDI 68837 ELM Elasticity Buffer and Link - rest of PHY of FDDI 68851 32 bit Paged Memory Management Unit (PMMU) (obsolete) 68881/68882 Floating Point Coprocessor (FPU) 68901 Multi Function Peripheral - USART, 8 par I/O lines, 4 timers 10H640 MC68030/040 ECL/TTL Clock Driver (also MC100H640 @5v) Motorola MC6800 family peripherals are very common in M68K systems. Some popular (and useful) ones are: 6821 PIA - Parallel Interface Adapter. (better to use 68230) 6845 CRT controller. (as in IBM PC Monochrome and CGA screens) 6850 ACIA - simple yet flexible serial port. Cheap too. 68B52 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter (SSDA) 68B54 Advanced data Link Controller (ADLC) 68488 IEEE 488 Interface Adapter 146818 RTC with Ram - Real Time Clock. (as in IBM AT PCs) Other manufacturer's parts are often used with 68K products. E) 8 and 16 bit Processors ---------------------------- Motorola manufactures a wide range of 8 and 16 bit processors and controllers. The families are the 6800, 6801, 6805, 68HC05, 6809, 68HC11 and 68HC16 (16 bit) series. Refer to the "Master Selection Guide" or SG166/D for more information. Information and free software is available on the Motorola BBS and most ftp sites. Dunfield Development Systems, Nepean Ontario, (613) 256-5820 or ddunfield@bix.com provides low cost compilers and emulators for these products. ============== hc11/hc16 mailing list =============== send messages to mc68hc11@hipp.etsu.edu subscriber requests to mc68hc11-request@hipp.etsu.edu ===================================================== F) Speed Comparisons ----------------------- These figures are taken from various Motorola promotional literature. __________________________________________________________________________ CPU Dhrystones type 8 Mhz 16 Mhz 20 Mhz 25 Mhz 33 Mhz 40 Mhz 50 M| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68000 2100 4376 68EC000 2100 4376 68020 7559 9069 11336 15100 68EC020 7559 11336 68030 7830 9394 11743 15641 18788 23485 68EC030 11743 18788 68040 45460 60553 72736 68LC040 36368 45460 60553 68EC040 36368 45460 60553 68060 - claim is about 3.5 times faster than 68040 @ 50 and 66 Mhz 68300 SERIES CPU CORES EC000 2100 4376 5250 CPU32 6742 8036 10045 CPU32+ 7416 11049 14717 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- My Intel 80386 clone (with 80387) 40 Mhz is 11049 Dhrystones. Motorola claims a Macintosh Quadra (68040) runs 15-20% faster than a 50Mhz 80486. 2) Software Sources ==================== A) Free Software Available --------------------------- Assemblers, compilers and debuggers exist to run on Ms-Dos, Mac, Unix, 680x0 and Amiga platforms. This is an incomplete list of filenames to search for on the Internet using Archie: 68asmsim.zip - 68000/08/10 assembler and simulator, MS-Dos, with docs and source code, uses S-records, widely available via ftp. Easy to use, docs are clear and well organized. Simple function. tutor.arc - source code for MEX68KECB (68000/08/10) monitor with one- line assembler/disassembler, S-records & terminal, no docs tutornew.zip - as above, improved version(?), binaries and source code in 68K assembler, no docs. For modified Alberta ECB computer. as68k.arc - source code in C of a 68000 assembler for the Amiga. Docs included. Look also for amigacc68k.lha as68kdos.zip - 68020/68881/68851 assembler, with docs and source code, uses s-records, MS-Dos. A little more advanced than 68asmsim.zip fbug68k.arc - A monitor program for m68000/08/10/20/30/40 processors in C source code. MC68881/882 (fpu) support and good docs. M16pc.zip - MS-dos FORTH code to native 68k machine language. No docs other than the source code. Contact R. Boys for a copy. 68343ffp.arc - A collection of 68000/10 assembly language floating point routines. Docs are in the ascii listings. Need assembler. cc68k.arc - optimizing C cross compiler for MS-dos. Generates MC68000 code. Minimal docs, source code included. 040_fpsp - Floating Point software for the MC68040 unimplemented 68881/882 instructions. Located on the Motorola Free BBS and AESOP (as m68040FPSP). See below for phone numbers. x68000.arc - 68000 assembler (DDJ PP) for MS-Dos, no docs, source code. On the Motorola BBS, bode.ee.ualberta.ca and ftp.luth.se. tbi68k.lbr - Tiny Basic for 68000 ECB board, with source, Found on the Motorola BBS, bode.ee.ualberta.ca and ftp.luth.se. Not listed here are assemblers, cross-assemblers, C compilers, debuggers etc. for 68HC11 series, 68701, 68HC16, MC68332, MC68302, MC68360, Digital Signal Processors (DSP). There is Macintosh software also. These files are all available on the Motorola BBS and most ftp sites. (see below) For sample source code on IDE drive, VGA, SIMM memory and ISA bus interfaces, try the Indiana State University 68030 project listed below. For drivers in source code for communications such as HDLC, Lapd, Bisync, LocalTalk and others, from bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola, get the file motorola_bbs_listing. This file is a listing of the Motorola BBS in Texas. Some files are mirrored on the ftp sites. See D) ftp sites below. DJGPP is a port of GCC to MS-DOS (386 or higher) which can be found via ftp on: omnigate.clarkson.edu: /pub/msdos/djgpp oak.oakland.edu: /pub/msdos/djgpp or any SIMTEL mirror site. Both sources and binaries are available. It is also available on the Motorola BBS in Austin as x68000.arc. Work is continuing on this section. Almost done now. GNU next. B) Commercial Software Available --------------------------------- There are many third party vendors of software for Motorola processors. A Motorola BBS - Aesop which is described below, contains a large listing of these vendors. A Motorola 68000 Developer program exists to provide marketing support for 68k developers. Interested developers can join by calling (800) 367-8363. Developers are listed in "68k Source" (BR729/D). For European sources get europe.gz at ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq. The firms listed below are representative examples: Introl Corporation Milwaukee, Wisconsin (414) 327-7171, FAX (414) 327-7734 email: info@introl.com Provides a range of cross development tools for 6801,3,4,5,9, 68HC11, 68HC16 and the 68000 family. Hosts include the IBM PC, Macintosh, RS/6000, VAX/VMS, Sun-4, Apollo, DecStation and HP 9000 series. Nohau Corporation Campbell, California (408) 866-1820, FAX (408) 378-7869 Provides in-circuit emulators for the 68300 and 68HC16 families. Microware Systems Corporation Des Moines, Iowa (515) 224-1929, FAX (515) 224-1352 Email: info@microware.com Provides the real-time operating system OS-9 to run on MC680x0 systems. C) Motorola BBS ---------------- Motorola operates a free Bulletin Board System that contains documents and free software. There is a Fax-Back service. The file faxndx.txt contains the documents available for faxback. The numbers are: ================================================================== MOTOROLA FREE BBS SYSTEM There is NO cost for this. Austin, Texas (512) 891-3733 The V.32 9600 Baud modems are now on-line using MNP-5! Please connect at 8 Data bits, No Parity, 1 Stop Bit. ALSO: Munich, Germany. 49-89-92103-111. (14400 baud) Stuttgart, Germany 49-7031-275496 (19200 baud) San Diego, California (619) 279-3907 Toronto, Ontario, Canada (416) 497-8989 (1200 baud) what?? "Design-NET" is a new Motorola electronic link to customers. A database, Email, OEM pricing, NEWS database, and more is available. Request BR1307 from the Literature Distribution Centre or a Motorola sales office. The Specs in Secs disk contains a Membership Request Form in the main menu. "Design-NET" also has a fax-back service for many Motorola documents at (602) 244-6609. A touch-tone phone (DTMF) is needed. This is an International service. An instruction fax is available from here. ======================================================================== DSP BBS: (Digital Signal Processing) (included here for reference) Austin, Texas (512) 891-3773 ======================================================================== AESOP - (Applications Engineering Support through On-line Productivity) 1-800-843-3451 (USA and Canada) (512)-891-3650 (elsewhere) This BBS has lists of third party support that supply M68k cross-compilers, C and other language compilers, emulators and analyzers. These lists are extensive. Chip and document errata are found here as well as ordering information for user's manuals and general information. No 8 bit parts. D) ftp Sites ------------- Numerous sites exist around the world that contain software and information for Motorola products. This includes 8, 16 and 32 bit processors. See the section "Free Software Available" in this faq. Much of the information contained on the Motorola BBS in Texas is mirrored on the Internet. Here are three good sites: ftp.luth.se (Sweden) /pub/misc/motorola } for M68K items bode.ee.ualberta.ca /pub/motorola } look under /m68k ernie.uvic.ca / } A current listing of the files on the Austin BBS is available via ftp from the Alberta site bode.ee.ualberta.ca as /pub/motorola/motorola_bbs_listing. A descriptive listing of files on the ftp sites can be obtained from: bode.ee.ualberta.ca:/pub/motorola as the file INDEX. From ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola or ernie.uvic.ca get freeware.dir. These files, along with the "Specs in Secs" data disk, should be considered as companion documents to this FAQ. The file sought may be in these sites. Motorola apparently plans to offer an Internet ftp site soon. ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 3) Hardware (board level) Sources =================================== A) Integrated Development Platform (IDP), MEVB, BCC, et al ------------------------------------------------------------ A series of products by Motorola that consists of a motherboard and various plug-in modules for different CPUs and I/O modules. The motherboard connects to a terminal or host computer through a RS-232 serial port. This system provides a low cost evaluation platform for developing software and hardware for M68K family members. The Product Brief part is M68KIDP/D. M68EC000IDP $510 M68EC000CPU $160 (IDP numbers are mother M68EC020IDP $595 M68EC020CPU $245 and daughter boards, M68EC030IDP $650 M68EC030CPU $300 CPU are daughter boards M68EC040IDP $750 M68EC040CPU $400 only) (US dollars) Sierra 68306 Development Board (with compiler and debugger) is US $249. Contact Mark_Taylor@oakqm3.sps.mot.com (512) 891-2592. for IDP and Sierra. The AMCU (Advanced MicroController Unit) supplies a board similar to the IDP that supports the MC68330 series parts. It is called the MEVB (Motorola Evaluation Board). It is a small (3" by 3") platform board with a processor on it. It supports all the parts that use the Inter-Module Bus (IMB) such as 68HC05, 68HC11, 68HC16 and 68331-334. Try BR711/D for info. Motorola also supplies the "Business Card Computer" (BCC). This is a stand-alone single board MC68340 computer. It is equipped with a monitor - 340bug which is also available on the Motorola BBS or the ftp sites. It is designed to interface between a RS-232 terminal and other boards such as the M68340 Platform Board. The Product Brief part number is BR753/D. Motorola also made the ECB single board computer (MEX68KECB) that runs a MC68000 CPU with a wirewrap area for educational and development purposes. It uses the TUTOR monitor program which is a simple assembler and disassembler. They are no longer available but used units may exist. The TUTOR software is available (source code) from the Motorola BBS and ftp sites and can be used on home brew computers with some modification. Arnewsh Inc, Colorado, (303) 223-1616 / FAX: (303) 223-9573 makes a board similar to the ECB with a 5.25" floppy disk interface. It sells for US$375 with a 25% discount to universities and students. Arnewsh also make single board computers using the 68302 ($495), 68306 ($375) and the 68EN360 ($975, $1475 with the optional MC68EC40). Applix (Lot 1 Kent Street, Yerrinbool, NSW Australia) make a 68000 board with CGA or mono video (MC6845), dual RS-232 ports (8530), 512k DRAM, 512K Eprom, 7 TTL i/o lines, eight A/D inputs and optional floppy controller. The cost is about $250. Contact eric@zen.maths.uts.edu.au for more info. B) VME modules ---------------- VME modules are state-of-the-art and are used to construct very powerful computer systems. There are many manufacturers of VME bus computer modules. Refer to comp.arch.bus.vmebus for more information. Many VME CPU boards have a built-in monitor program similar to the TUTOR monitor and have a RS-232 port that can be hooked up to a terminal or a host computer. Programs can be entered with the simple assembler/disassembler and executed. Peripherals can be attached (hacked?) to these boards. These boards are often available used and the older ones with 68000/10 CPUs have a low cost. A neat setup is a VME board with an internal monitor program connected to an IBM PC with a RS-232 port using a common communication program and an assembler such as 68asmsim or as68k. (Telix works good - treat the VME as a modem) A power supply from an IBM PC will power a VME board. C) Indiana State University 68030 single board project -------------------------------------------------------- The schematics (in Postscript), GERBER artwork for the PCBs, sources and images for the monitor and PAL programming and some documentation are available via ftp from cs.indiana.edu: /pub/goo/mc68030/. This board uses a floppy disk, IDE harddrive, VGA monitor, a ISA bus and SIMM memory chips. It uses the MINIX operating system (copyrighted), NetBSD and bootp code to run either a wd8003 or 3c501 Ethernet card. The contact person is Ingo Cyliax (cyliax@cs.indiana.edu). D) Consumer computers and Workstations ---------------------------------------- Computers that use the 68K series of processors are Atari, Amiga, Apple MacIntosh and some older Radio Shack models. Opportunities for experimentation may reside in some of these machines. A cross compiler, such as amigacc68k.lha, is available via ftp for the Amiga. There are older workstations that use M68K processors that may be available for low prices. The Sun 3/60 is very popular in the education field and the HP 9000 310 uses a 68010 and the 320 uses a 68020 CPU. The NeXT cube has a 68030 and the SGI Iris 3000 uses a 68020. The AT&T 3b1 computer uses a 68010, has a newsgroup on USENET and is a cheap way to get a SYS V UNIX. 4) Construction Information ============================= I guess this is next, well, maybe next time. 5) General Specifications =========================== A) Integrated Circuit Package Information ------------------------------------------- DIP Dual-in-line-Package only 68000/08/10/12/68HC000 PGA Pin Grid Array (ceramic) easy for hand construction PPGA Pin Grid Array (plastic) "" "" PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier not generally soldered QFP Quad Flat Package (plastic) difficult to hand solder CQFP Ceramic Quad Flat Package "" "" The DIP is the familiar package with the flexible pins at 0.10 inch spacing. This is the oldest package type used with the 68K family. The PGA (and PPGA) is a square package with rigid pins coming out the bottom. Usually socketed and the pins have a 0.10 inch spacing. The PLCC are meant to be in sockets soldered to a circuit board. They have a pin spacing of 0.050 inch. The package is square. The QFP and the CQFP are surface mount devices and are the latest package type used with the 68K family. The package is square with a pin spacing of a mere 0.025 inches making hand soldering difficult but not impossible. Generally, specialized soldering equipment is needed but many people solder with a sharp tipped iron. The pins are flexible but due to their short length cannot be bent very much. AMP (a plug and socket manufacturer) apparently manufacture sockets for these packages. 3M may be another source. The sockets have a 0.10 inch spacing for easier construction. B) Pin-outs ------------- "What is the pin for ...." is a frequently-asked-question. The question is often asked for older processors such as 6800 and 68000. This information is becoming available on the World-Wide-Web (WWW) and elsewhere. One place to try is http://131.246.9.98 (pizza.unix-ag.uni-kl.de). Click on the Motorola symbol under "hardware". This site is in German, not English. This web is still under construction. --------------------------------------------------------------------- C) S-Records -------------- S-Records are Ascii characters in a protocol developed by Motorola and is used to transfer data and program code to and from host computers or to store such information. Details of this protocol have been archived as s_record.zip at bode.ee.ualberta:/pub/motorola/general and also at ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/faq as s_record.gz. D) CPU Clocks and Double-Clocking ----------------------------------- CPU clock speeds are used by consumers to compare the performance of different microprocessors. This is the classic case of comparing apples and oranges in almost all cases. Clock speeds can only be used for comparison with the same processor and then with care. For example, a 1 Mhz MC6800 processor runs at the same bus speed as a 4 Mhz MC6802: the 6802 has a divide-by-4 circuit so less expensive 4 Mhz crystals could be used. This is also a cheap way to make a CPU seem more powerful but runs the risk of marketing "numbers games". It is better to compare CPUs with test programs that return comparison values such as "millions of instructions per second (MIPS) or Dhrystones. Motorola clock frequencies should not be directly compared with other manufacturer's frequencies. The effective speed of a processor depends not only on clock speeds but computer bus speed (ie memory speed), CPU registers, internal features (such as caches), FPU units, external features such as external caches and data bus width and the software run. An instruction and/or data cache usually dramatically improves system speed. A 25 Mhz part is not necessarily twice the speed of a 12.5 Mhz part depending on the external resources the CPU is connected to. The issue of "clock-doubling" with Apple products and the 68040 is a question often asked on the net. Apple (and others) advertises some of its notebook computers with "33/66 or 25/50" Mhz speed designations. This has been referred to as "clock doubling". The '040 has two clock inputs - PCLK and BCLK. PCLK runs at twice the frequency of BCLK. PCLK is not present on the 3.3 volt parts (MC68040V and 68EC040V). BCLK (1/2 PCLK) runs at the frequency of the part and is used to derive all bus signal timing. PCLK (2x BCLK) is used for internal logic timing. The 68020/030/060 do not have this feature but the 68360 does. This is not the same as Intel's "clock doubling" on the 486 Overdrive chip. "Overclocking" refers to increasing a CPU's clock frequency beyond the part's specification for higher performance. 6) Literature =============== Motorola publishes a plethora of literature ranging from product brochures and data sheets to detailed technical application notes (AN). The "Specs in Secs" data disk has a listing with descriptions of various documents. Application Notes are examples of applications of all Motorola products. An example is "AN1310 - Using the MC68332 Microcontroller for AC Induction Motor Control". Schematics, drawings and short program code are often included in these informative and usually easy to read notes. Article Reprints are reprints of articles from various publications that are of interest to users of Motorola products. An example is "AR217 - The Motorola MC68020. Articles are on the technical side yet easy to read. Brochures are usually short yet comprehensive outlines of Motorola products. An example is "BR176/D - M68000 Family Brochure." Selection Guides give information needed to choose among family members. The "Master Selection Guide (SG73/D) lists all Motorola products. M680x0 series and the MC68300 series are in SG167/D and SG166/D respectively. Engineering Bulletins are similar to application notes. An example is "EB111 - The Application of a Duplexer". Design Concepts are similar and are also listed in the "Specs in Secs" disk. Data sheets are available in various stages of completion as the products mature. They are Product Briefs, Technical Summary, Advanced Information and regular. The Advanced Information is how most data sheets are made available. Data sheets part numbers contain the device part number followed (usually) by a /D. Examples are MC68360/D and MC68331TS/D. (TS means "technical summary"). Data sheet books have a suffix of DL and often have application notes in addition to specific data sheets for a family of parts. A listing is in the "Specs in Secs" data disk. User's Manuals contain just about everything you need to know about a device (except price and availability and instruction set details). The part number is the device number with a suffix of UM/AD. Examples are MC68606UM/AD, MC68030UM/AD and MC68360UM/AD. The 68360UM is 3.5 cm thick. Programmer's Manuals contain instruction set details such as mnemonics and data and addressing details. Most User's Manuals contain an overview of the instructions. Examples are M68000PM/AD (get this one) and CPU32RM/AD. Many third party textbooks contain this information. Some more useful documents in addition to those listed above are: BR135/D - "Applications & Products Literature Selector Guide etc" - A list of available application notes etc. In Europe order as SG410/D. BR101/D - "Technical Literature and Information Guide" In Europe - BR464/D. FR68K/D - "M68000 Family Reference", a book that contains data sheets for most of the current 68K family. May be M68000FR/AD. MPC601UM/AD - PowerPc 601 RISC Proccesor User's Manual. BR1133/D - High-Performance Product Portfolio Overview (HIPPO) - a quarterly overview of 16 and 32 bit microprocessors. Too large to fax (61 pages). SG421/D in Europe. The file "texthelp.zip" available from: ftp.luth.se:/pub/misc/motorola/general contains a list of most Motorola data literature. This file is getting old though...the $100 subscription mentioned in the embedded file UPDATE_S is no longer available. A) "Specs in Secs" -------------------- The Motorola "Specs in Secs" data disc contains the addresses for Motorola sales offices and distributors around the world besides product selection. A listing of various Application Notes and other publications is included. This disc is available from the Motorola BBS, bode.ee.ualberta and ftp.luth.se. The file name for the latest version (6) is spec6.arc or spec6.zip. This file is about 340k and is worth downloading. B) "UPDATE" ------------- For general technical information (voice) try 1-800-521-6274 (USA and Canada). For information concerning literature or ordering "UPDATE" which is a brochure outlining recent product releases and new publications and data sheets, call 1-800-441-2447 (USA) or (602)-994-6561. C) "The 68K Connection" ------------------------- The newsletter "The 68KC Connection" is available by mailing or faxing your name, address and company name to: The 68K Connection FAX = (512) 891-2943 Motorola, MD OE310 6501 William Cannon Drive West Austin, Texas 78735-2943 This newsletter contains general news and information concerning 68K family members and their implementation in various products. D) Master Selection Guide --------------------------- A free book that lists all products manufactured by Motorola. Distributors should be able to provide a copy. Published periodically. Part # SG73/D. E) Motorola Addresses ----------------------- For lists of Motorola Field Offices and Literature centres around the world, consult the "Specs in Secs" file or under the /marketing directory in the ftp sites mentioned above. F) Literature Distribution Centres ------------------------------------ USA: Motorola Literature Distribution (800) 441-2447 P.O. Box 20912 Phoenix, Arizona 85036 Europe: Motorola Ltd. European Literature Center 88 Tanners Drive Blakelands, Milton Keynes MK14 5BP, England Asia-Pacific: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd. Silicon Harbour Center No. 2 Dai King Street Tai Po Industrial Estate Tai Po, N.T. Hong Kong Japan: Nippon Motorola Ltd. 4-32-1 Nishi-Gotanda Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141, Japan G) Training and Instructional Books ------------------------------------- Motorola runs technical seminars on various processor families. BR348AD/D (if available) outlines these programs. (602) 897-3665 (Phoenix, Arizona) There are many books available about Motorola processors. Check public libraries and universities (especially ones with Computer Science or Engineering programs) for suitable texts in the QA76 area. Larger book stores often have some titles - look also under Macintosh computers. See the file texthelp.zip described above under 6) Literature. (dated material) The Motorola Literature Distribution Center has the following text books listed in BR135 with prices presumably correct, in US $$ and plus shipping. TB303/D Using Microprocessors and Microcomputers: The Mot. Family.$49.80 TB320/D The M68000 Family, Vol 1. Architecture, Addressing Modes and Instruction Set. $36.25 TB322/D Vol 2. Applications and the M68K devices. $37.15 TB323/D The 68000 Book (Southern, 1990) $19.50 TB325/D The MC68332 Microcontroller. $46.75 TPURM/AD MC68300 Family Time Processor Unit (TPU) Reference Manual. $1.90 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ I am still working on this faq. It will never be done...reality. comments and corrections to r.boys@genie.geis.com Thanks for all those who have helped me with this. Greg Hawley Wisconsin Ingo Cyliax Indiana Jeff Loeliger Scotland Ben Stuyts The Netherlands Mike Coughlin Massachusets Graham Wood Great Britain John Hauser California Frans Meulen The Netherlands Frank Sautter Deutschland John Rummel Canada Heiko Krupp Deutschland Toni Zollikofer Deutschland Paul Nelson Texas Thanks to Kees den Hartigh (Alberta) and Olof Johansson (Sweden) for sparing a few K on their hard drives for me. ....and all the posters on comp.sys.m68k and comp.arch.bus.vmebus ....and all those who I forgot to mention. This FAQ would be a mess w/o their i/p. Of course, thanks to all those at Motorola who have always helped me with procuring information and for being so friendly on the phone. Congratulations to Christopher Boys (my son) for being accepted into Honours Computing & Electronics at Wilfrid Laurier University, Ontario. Robert Boys Ontario, CANADA -------------------------------------------------------------------------- _____/\ ___ /\ _____/\ Sysops : \ ___/ / /_/ \ \ ___/ +44-204-384-543 F¿REFLASH/OTT \/ \ / / / /\/|__\ +44--RING-DOWN DENNIS T/DCS / / / __/ / / |___ (14.4 DS) \__\ \_/ /___/ \______/ DeLiRiUm _____/\ _____/\ ___ _/\ _____/\ _____/\ OvEr ThE ToP UKHQ \ ___/ \ _ / / / \ \ \ ___/ \ ___ \ EHQ \/ \ /\/ | \ / / _ \ \ /\/|__\ /\/ _/ A2000/33mhz! / / / /__| \\ \/ \/ // |___/ |\ \ /X 3.37 Reg 1.0 GIG/HD \ \ \____/ / \__\_/ / \___ /\__|/\ \ 8.0 GIG DAT-TAPE\_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ \_/ Free D/L's _________ _______________ _________._________ ________/|________ \__. / ¬Y / _______ _/ \ _¬\ ¬| / ___/ \ _¬\__. _____¬\ / ¬| \ | \ ___) _ / / |_/ _ \ ___) / |_/ ¬| \ __/ \___ /___ /________| \_ \___|/ |__/_____\ \___| \_____/___| ¬ \/tGø¬\/ ¬:___/ \___| / EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS \ \_______________________/ MuLtI-NoDe ChAt!!